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References 

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Sources of Extensive Bibliographies on Springs: 

Botosaneanu, L. (1998) Studies in crenobiology: the biology of springs and springbrooks. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys. 

Ferrington, L.C. (1995) Biodiversity of aquatic insects and other invertebrates in springs. Lawrence, Kansas: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society Special Publication Number 1. 

Glazier, D.S. (1991) The fauna of North American temperate cold springs: patterns and hypotheses. Freshwater Biology, 26: 527-542. 

Hinterlang, D. & Lischewski, D. (1996) Spring ecology and conservation. Crunoecia, 5: 1-304. 

Williams, D.D. & Danks, H.V. (1991) Arthropods of springs, with particular reference to Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada Number 155. 

Williams, D.D. & Smith, I.M. (1990) Spring habitats and their faunas: an introductory bibliography. Ottawa, Canada: Biological Survey of Canada Document Series Number 4. 
 

References on Stream Ecology and Biotas, Including Methods and Taxonomic Keys: 

Allan, J.D. (1995) Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters. London, United Kingdom: Chapman & Hall 

Ballinger, R.E. & Lynch, J.D. (1983) How to know the amphibians and reptiles. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. 

Barnes, J.R. & Minshall, G.W. (1983) Stream ecology. New York, New York: Plenum. 

Conant, R. & Collins, J.T. (1998) A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 

Cushing, C.E., Cummins, K.W. & Minshall, G.W. (1995) River and stream ecosystems. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 

Eddy, S. & Underhill, J.C. (1978) How to know the freshwater fishes. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. 

Elliott, J.M. (1977) Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates. Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom: Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 25. 

Fitzpatrick, J.F. (1983) How to know the freshwater Crustacea. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. 

Giller, P.S. & Malmqvist, B. (1998) The biology of streams and rivers. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 

Hauer, F.R. & Lamberti, G.A. (1996) Methods in stream ecology. San Diego, California: Academic Press. 

Holsinger, J.R. (1976) The freshwater amphipod crustaceans (Gammaridae) of North America. Cincinnati, Ohio: United Staes Environmental Protection Agency. 

Hynes, H.B.N. (1970) The ecology of running waters. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 

Kenk, R. (1976) Freshwater planarians (Turbellaria) of North America). Cincinnati, Ohio: United Staes Environmental Protection Agency. 

Lampert, W. (1997) Limnoecology: the ecology of lakes and streams. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 

Lehmkuhl, D.M. (1979) How to know the aquatic insects. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. 

Lock, M.A. & Williams, D.D. (1981) Perspectives in running water ecology. New York, New York: Plenum. 

Mackereth, F.J.H., Heron, J. & Talling, J.F. (1978) Water analysis. Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom: Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 36. 

McCafferty, W.P. (1981) Aquatic entomology: the fisherman's and ecologist's guide to insects and their relatives. Boston, Massachusetts: Science Books International. 

Merritt, R.W. & Cummins, K.W. (1996) An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. 

Needham, J.G. & Needham, P.R. (1962) A guide to the study of fresh-water biology. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Page, L.M. & Burr, B.M. (1991) A field guide to freshwater fishes : North America north of Mexico. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 

Peckarsky, B.L., Fraissinet, P.R., Penton, M.A. & Conklin, D.J. (1990) Freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern North America. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 

Pennak, R.W. (1989) Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. New York, New York: Wiley. 

Prescott, G.W. (1980) How to know the aquatic plants. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. 

Resh, V.H. & Rosenberg, D.M. (1984) Ecology of aquatic insects. New York, New York: Praeger. 

Rosenberg, D.M. & Resh, V.H. (1993) Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. New York, New York: Chapman & Hall. 

Smith, H.M. Amphibians of North America. New York, New York: Golden Press. 

Thorp, J.H. & Covich, A.P. (1991) Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates. New York, New York: Academic Press. 

Ward, J.V. (1992) Aquatic insect ecology: 1. Biology and habitat. New York, New York: Wiley. 

Wetzel, R.G. & Likens, G.E. (1991) Limnological analyses. New York, New York: Springer-Verlag. 

Williams, D.D. & Feltmate, B.W. (1992) Aquatic insects. Oxford, United Kingdom: CAB International. 

Williams, W.D. (1976) Freshwater isopods (Asellidae) of North America. Cincinnati, Ohio: United Staes Environmental Protection Agency. 
 

General References on Sexual Selection: 

Andersson, M.B. (1994) Sexual selection. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 

Gould, J.L. (1997) Sexual selection: mate choice and courtship in nature. New York, New York: Freeman. 
 
Halliday, T. (1980). Sexual strategy. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 
 

References Cited in the Lab Core Pages: 

Adams, J., Watt, P.J., Naylor, C.J. & Greenwood, P.J. (1989) Loading constraints, body size and mating prefernce in Gammarus species. Hydrobiologia, 183: 157-164. 

Ambrose, H.W. and Ambrose, K.P. (1987) A handbook of biological investigations, 4th ed. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: Hunter Textbooks. 

Conlan, K.E. (1991) Precopulatory mating behavior and sexual dimorphism in the amphipod Crustacea. Hydrobiologia, 223, 255-282. 

Dick, J.T.A. & Elwood, R.W. (1996) Effects of natural variation in sex ratio and habitat structure on mate-guarding decisions in amphipods (Crustacea). Behaviour, 133: 985-996. 

Culver, D.C., Kane, T.C. and Fong, D.W. (1995) Adaptation and natural selection in caves. The evolution of Gammarus minus. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 

Dunn, A.M. (1998) The role of calceoli in mate assessment and precopula guarding in Gammarus. Animal Behaviour, 56: 1471-1475. 

Elwood, R., Gibson, J. And Neil, S. (1987) The amorous Gammarus: size assortative mating in G. pulex. Animal Behaviour, 35: 1-6. 

Erman, N.A. (1998) Invertebrate richness and Trichoptera phenology in Sierra Nevada (California, U.S.A.) cold springs: sources of variation. In: L. Botosaneanu (ed.) Studies in crenobiology: the biology of springs and springbrooks, 95-108. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys. 

Glazier, D.S. (1991) The fauna of North American temperate cold springs: patterns and hypotheses. Freshwater Biology, 26: 527-542. 

Glazier, D.S. (1998) Springs as model systems for ecology and evolutionary biology: a case study of Gammarus minus Say (Amphipoda) in mid-Appalachian springs differing in pH and ionic content. In: L. Botosaneanu (ed.) Studies in crenobiology: the biology of springs and springbrooks, 41-54. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys. 

Glazier, D.S. & Gooch, J.L. (1987) Macroinvertebrate assemblages in Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) springs. Hydrobiologia, 150: 33-43. 

Glazier, D.S., Horne, M.T. and Lehman, M.E. (1992) Abundance, body composition and reproductive output of Gammarus minus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in ten cold springs differing in pH and ionic content. Freshwater Biology, 28: 149-163. 

Halliday, T. (1980). Sexual strategy. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 

Hatcher, M.J. & Dunn, A.M. (1997) Size and pairing success in Gammarus duebeni: can females be too big? Animal Behaviour, 54, 1301-1308. 

Holsinger, J.R. (1976) The freshwater amphipod crustaceans (Gammaridae) of North America. Cincinnati, Ohio: United Staes Environmental Protection Agency. 

Iversen, T.M. (1988) Secondary production and trophic relationships in a spring invertebrate community. Limnology and Oceanography, 33: 582-592. 

Jormalainen, V. (1998) Precopulatory mate guarding in crustaceans: male competitive strategy and intersexual conflict. Quarterly Review of Biology, 73: 275-304. 

Lyes, M.C. (1979) The reproductive behaviour of Gammarus duebeni (Lilljeborg), and the inhibitory effect of a surface active agent. Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 6: 47-55. 

Maltby, L. (1994) Stress, shredders and streams: using Gammarus energetics to assess water quality. In: D.W. Sutcliffe (ed.) Water quality and stress indicators in marine and freshwater ecosystems: linking levels of organization (individuals, populations, communities), 98-110. Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom: Freshwater Biological Association. 

Mathis, A. & Hosack, W.W. (1997) The influence of chemical stimuli from predators on precopulatory pairing by the amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus. Ethology, 103: 33-40. 

Minckley, W.L. (1963) The ecology of a spring stream, Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky. Wildlife Monographs, 11: 1-124. 

Minshall, G.W. (1967) Role of allochthonous detritus in the trophic structure of a woodland springbrook community. Ecology, 48: 139-149. 

Newman, R.M. & Waters, T.F. (1984) Size-selective predation on Gammarus pseudolimnaeus by trout and sculpins. Ecology, 65: 1535-1545. 

Naylor, C. and Adams, J. (1987) Sexual dimorphism, drag constraints and male performance in Gammarus duebeni (Amphipoda). Oikos, 48: 23-27. 

Odum, H.T. (1957) Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecological Monographs, 27: 55-112. 

Penet, S. (1995) Freshwater amphipods as biomonitors of metal pollution in surface and interstitial aquatic systems. Freshwater Biology, 33: 127-137. 

Strong, D.R. (1973) Amphipod amplexus, the significance of ecotypic variation. Ecology, 54: 1383-1388. 

Swofford, D.I. (1991) PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey. 

Swofford, D.I. (1998) PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony.  Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.. 

Teal, J.H. (1957) Community metabolism in a temperate cold spring. Ecological Monographs, 27: 283-302. 

Tilly, L.J. (1968) The structure and dynamics of Cone Spring. Ecological Monographs, 38: 169-197. 

Ward, P.I. (1986) A comparative field study of the breeding behavior of a stream and a pond population of Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda). Oikos, 46: 29-36. 

Ward, P.I. (1988). Sexual selection, natural selection, and body size in Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda). American Naturalist, 131: 348-359. 

Ward, P.I. & Porter, A.H. (1993) The relative roles of habitat structure and male-male competition in the mating system of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea; Amphipoda): a simulation study. Animal Behaviour, 45, 119-133. 

Webb, D.W., Wetzel, M.J., Reed, P.C., Phillippe, L.R. & Harris, M.A. (1995) Aquatic biodiversity in Illinois springs. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, Supplement, 68: 93-107. 

Wellborn, G. (1995) Determinants of reproductive success in freshwater amphipod species that experience different mortality regimes. Animal Behaviour, 50: 353-363. 

Wen, Y.H. (1993) Sexual dimorphism and mate choice in Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda). American Midland Naturalist, 129: 153-160. 

Wiley, E.O., Siegel-Causey, D., Brooks, D.R., & Funk, V.A. (1991). The compleat cladist: a primer of phylogenetic procedures. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 19. 

Williams, D.D. & Williams, N.E. (1998) Invertebrate communities from freshwater springs: what can they contribute to pure and applied ecology? In: L. Botosaneanu (ed.) Studies in crenobiology: the biology of springs and springbrooks, 251-261. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys. 

Williams, D.D., Williams, N.E. & Cao, Y. (1997) Spatial differences in macroinvertebrate community structure in springs in southeastern Ontario in relation to their chemical and physical environments. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75: 1404-1414. 

Wilson, E.O. (1992). The diversity of life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 

Zohar, S. & Holmes, J.C. (1998) Pairing success of male Gammarus lacustris infected by two acanthocephalans: a comparative study. Behavioral Ecology, 9: 206-211. 
 
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